Present, Past, and Future tense
Simpler than you think. Just put:
tengah (formal)
present, simple present, perfect present, continuous, etc.
sedang (informal)
telah (formal)
past, simple past, past participle, etc.
sudah (informal)
akan future, conditional, etc.
The subject, the verb, the nouns, the adjectives, and the adverbs do not change their forms.
Negation
Indonesian has two ways to form a negative sentence. We use the words tidak and bukan. The word bukan is to form a negative sentence such as denial about something, then follow the clause with an explanation using the word melainkan (but).
Tidak:
Buku itu tidak bagus.
That book is not good.
Saya tidak tahu.
I don’t know.
Bukan:
Buku itu bukan hitam, melainkan hijau.
That book is not black, but (it is) green.
Saya bukan dokter, melainkan reporter.
I am not a doctor, but (I am) a reporter.
Position
Di in, on, at
Di atas up, upon, on, onto, over, above
Di bawah down, under, below
Di depan in front of
Di belakang behind
Di samping beside
Di dalam in, into, inside
Di luar out, outside
Di antara between
Ke to
Ke atas upwards
Ke bawah downwards
Ke depan forwards, towards
Ke belakang backwards
Ke samping aside
Ke dalam inside
Ke luar outside
Dari from
Dari dalam from inside
Dari luar from outside
Kue itu di atas meja
The cake is on the table
Saya di sekolah
I am at school
Saya pergi ke sekolah
I go to school
Saya pindah ke depan
I move towards
Saya dari kedai kopi
I am from the coffee shop
(I just from the coffee shop)
(I just back from the coffee shop)
Comparative and Superlative
Just add:
lebih for comparative
paling or ter- for superlative
big besar
bigger lebih besar
biggest paling bersar/terbesar
small kecil
smaller lebih kecil
smallest paling kecil/terkecil
Botol ini lebih besar daripada itu
This bottle is bigger than that
Bola ini lebih kecil daripada itu
This ball is smaller than that
Ini adalah botol terkecil / paling kecil
This is the smallest bottle
Itu adalah ball terbesar / paling besar
That is the biggest ball
Note:
Daripada means ‘than’. It can also means ‘instead of’
Saya lebih muda daripada kamu
I am younger than you
Dia akan bermain piano daripada bernyanyi
He will play the piano instead of singing
Useful words
at, in, on di -- we’ll learn further about this :D
to ke (closed e)
from dari
for untuk
that, which yang
(similar to Italian che) yang
now sekarang (closed e)
before sebelum (closed e)
after sesudah (closed e)
very sangat (before the word)
very sekali (after the word))
until sampai (places)
until hingga
because karena, sebab
will (going to) akan
have (avere) sudah
not yet belum
is spite of/despite walaupun (formal), walau (informal)
If jika, bila, seandainya, andaikan, andai (formal), kalau (informal)
only, just hanya (before the word)
only, just saja (after the word)
with, by dengan (closed e)
Saya sangat senang
I am very happy
Kamu cantik sekali / Kamu sangat cantik
You are very beautiful
Kamu tampan sekali / Kamu sangat tampan
You are very handsome
Saya sudah sarapan
I have had breakfast
Saya belum sarapan
I have not had breakfast yet
Jika Anda merasa kesulitan, saya siap membantu Anda
If you feel any difficulties, I am ready to help you
Kalau kamu mau, aku akan ke rumahmu besok
If you want, I will come to your house tomorrow
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